Sobre la relación entre el consumo de leche cruda y la salud humana: una revisión sistemática

Camilo Ernesto Guarín Patarroyo, Diego Alveiro Restrepo Ochoa

Texto completo:

PDF

Resumen

Introducción: La leche es considerada un alimento clave para la seguridad alimentaria. Sin embargo, si se consume cruda puede convertirse en un vehículo para la transmisión de enfermedades en las personas, representando de esta manera un riesgo para la salud pública. Objetivo: Analizar el estado del conocimiento disponible en la literatura científica sobre la relación entre la producción y el consumo de leche cruda y la salud humana, identificando los problemas que se han abordado, las metodologías y técnicas utilizadas, la alteración composicional, higiénica y sanitaria de la leche; y las afectaciones de la salud humana relacionadas con el consumo de este alimento. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática cualitativa con el fin de integrar tanto de manera descriptiva como analítica los hallazgos de los estudios empíricos publicados entre Enero del 2007 y Septiembre del 2018 (ambos inclusive) sobre las relaciones existentes entre la salud humana, por un lado; y la producción y el consumo de leche cruda por el otro; en los sitios y repositorios Pubmedãâ, Ebscoãâ, Science Directãâ, y Embaseãâ. Se utilizaron “raw milk”, “unpasteurized milk” y “health” como descriptores. Conclusiones: La transmisión de enfermedades hacia los seres humanos por el consumo de leche cruda se puede reducir mediante la pasteurización: procedimiento que reduce considerablemente los microorganismos patógenos presentes en la misma. La transmisión de enfermedades por el consumo de leche cruda se puede reducir igualmente mediante la adopción de prácticas productivas inocuas que garanticen la producción de leche cruda de alta calidad por animales sanos y bajo buenas condiciones higiénicas que protejan la salud humana.

Palabras clave

Leche no pasteurizada; Leche cruda; Salud

Referencias

Weaver C, Wijesinha-Bettoni R, McMahon D, Spence L. Milk and dairy products as part of the diet. En: Milk and dairy products in human nutrition. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Masson [New Zealand]: 2013. Pp. 103-206.

Gerosa S, Skoet T. Milk availability: Current production and demand and medium-term outlook. En: Milk and dairy products in human nutrition. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Masson [New Zealand]: 2013. Pp. 11-40.

Campbell JR, Marshall RT. Dairy production and processing: The science of milk and milk products. Waveland Press. New York: 2016.

Kapaj A, Deci E. World milk production and socio-economic factors effecting its consumption. En: Dairy in human health and disease across the lifespan [Editores: Kapaj A, Deci E]. Academic Press. London: 2017. Pp. 107-115.

Observatorio de la Cadena Láctea Argentina. Evolución de la producción mundial de leche. Disponible en: http://www.ocla.org.ar/contents/news/details/11586575-evolucion-de-la-produccion-mundial-de-leche. Fecha de última visita: 12 de Diciembre de 2018.

Consumo per cápita de los principales países consumidores de leche del mundo. Disponible en: https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/499197/consumo-per-capita-de-los-principales-paises-consumidores-de-leche-del-mundo/. Fecha de última visita: 12 de Diciembre de 2018.

Lucey JA. Raw milk consumption: risks and benefits. Nutrition Today 2015;50:189-93.

Artursson K, Schelin J, Thisted Lambertz S, Hansson I, Olsson Engvall E. Foodborne pathogens in unpasteurized milk in Sweden. Int J Food Microbiol 2018;284:120-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.05.015. Fecha de última visita: 12 de Diciembre de 2018.

Akhtar S, Ahad K. Pesticides residue in milk and milk products: Mini review. Pak J Anal Environmen Chem 2017;18:37-45.

Aytenfsu S, Mamo G, Kebede B. Review on chemical residues in milk and their public health concern in Ethiopia. J Nutr Food Sci 2016;6(4):524-524. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000524. Fecha de última visita: 12 de Diciembre de 2018.

Meshref AM, Moselhy WA, Hassan NEHY. Heavy metals and trace elements levels in milk and milk products. J Food Measure Character 2014;8:381-8.

Goyon A, Cai JZ, Kraehenbuehl K, Hartmann C, Shao B, Mottier P. Determination of steroid hormones in bovine milk by LC-MS/MS and their levels in Swiss Holstein cow milk. Food Addit Contamin Part A 2016;33:804-16.

Maldonado YA, Glode MP, Bhatia J, Brady MT, Byington CL, Davies HD; et al. Consumption of raw or unpasteurized milk and milk products by pregnant women and children. Pediatr 2014;133:175-9.

Elbon SM, Johnson MA, Fischer JG. Milk consumption in older Americans. Am J Public Health 1998;88:1221-4.

Baars T, Berge C, Garssen J, Verster J. The impact of raw milk consumption on gastrointestinal bowel and skin complaints in immune depressed adults. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019;29: 226-226. Disponible en: https://www.ecnp.eu/presentationpdfs/73/P.256.pdf. Fecha de última visita: 18 de Diciembre del 2018.

Oliver SP, Boor KJ, Murphy SC, Murinda SE. Food safety hazards associated with consumption of raw milk. Foodborne Path Dis 2009;6:793-806.

Velázquez-Ordoñez V, Valladares-Carranza B, Tenorio-Borroto E, Talavera-Rojas M, Varela-Guerrero JA, Acosta-Dibarrat J; et al. Microbial contamination in milk quality and health risk of the consumers of raw milk and dairy products. En: Nutrition in health and disease- Our challenges now and forthcoming time. IntechOpen. Zagreb: 2019. Disponible en: http://doi:10.5772/intechopen.86182. Fecha de última visita: 18 de Diciembre del 2018.

Lye YL, Afsah-Hejri L, Chang WS, Loo YY, Puspanadan S, Kuan CH; et al. Risk of Escherichia coli O157:H7 transmission linked to the consumption of raw milk. Int Food Res J 2013;20:1001-5.

Peterson MC. Campylobacter jejuni enteritis associated with consumption of raw milk [Features]. J Environmen Health 2003;65:20-2.

Rohrbach BW, Draughon FA, Davidson PM, Oliver SP. Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Salmonella in bulk tank milk: Risk factors and risk of human exposure. J Food Protect 1992;55:93-7.

Jamali H, Radmehr B, Thong KL. Prevalence, characterisation, and antimicrobial resistance of Listeria species and Listeria monocytogenes isolates from raw milk in farm bulk tanks. Food Control 2013;34:121-5.

Jans C, Meile L, Lacroix C, Stevens MJ. Genomics, evolution, and molecular epidemiology of the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC). Infect Genet Evol 2015;33:419-36.

Stratev D, Odeyemi OA. Antimicrobial resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from different food sources: A mini-review. J Infect Public Health 2016;9:535-44.

Bartoszewicz M, Hansen BM, Swiecicka I. The members of the Bacillus cereus group are commonly present contaminants of fresh and heat-treated milk. Food Microb 2008;25:588-96.

Oliver SP, Murinda SE, Krause DO, Hendrick S. Milk and raw milk consumption as a vector for human disease. Zoonotic Pathogens Food Chain 2011;99-118.

Pal M, Mulu S, Tekle M, Pintoo SV, Prajapati J. Bacterial contamination of dairy products. Beverage Food World 2016;43:40-3.

Fischer WJ, Schilter B, Tritscher AM, Stadler RH. Contaminants of milk and dairy products: contamination resulting from farm and dairy practices. Encyclopedia Dairy Sci 2011;2:887-97.

Tamime AY. Milk processing and quality management. John Wiley & Sons. London: 2009.

Gisbert J, Bonfill X. ¿Cómo realizar, evaluar y utilizar revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis? Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;27:129-49.

Ayar A, Sert D, Con AH. A study on the occurrence of aflatoxin in raw milk due to feeds. J Food Safety 2007;27:199-207.

Picinin LCA, Cerqueira MMOP, Vargas EA, Lana Ángela MQ, Toaldo IM, Bordignon-Luiz IMT. Influence of climate conditions on aflatoxin M1 contamination in raw milk from Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Food Control 2013;31(2):419-24. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.10.024. Fecha de última visita: 7 de Enero de 2019.

El Marnissi B, Belkhou R, Morgavi DP, Bennani L, Boudra H. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk collected from traditional dairies in Morocco. Food Chem Toxicol 2012;50(8):2819-21. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.031. Fecha de última visita: 2 de Enero de 2019.

Al Zuheir IM, Omar JA. Presence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk for human consumption in Palestine. Walailak J Sci Technol 2012;9:201-5.

Yobouet BA, Kouamé-Sina SM, Dadié A, Makita K, Grace D, Djè KM; et al. Contamination of raw milk with Bacillus cereus from farm to retail in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire and possible health implications. Dairy Sci Technol 2014;94: 51-60.

Sadek O, Makar N, Berbawy S. Detection of Aeromonas hydrophila in raw milk and some milk products with reference to its public health hazard. Assiut Vet Med J 2017;63:43-53.

Srinu B, Kumar AV, Kumar MS, Narayana BVL, Rao TM. Assessment of microbiological quality and associated health risks of raw milk sold in and around Hyderabad city. Int J Pharma Bio Sci 2012;3:609-14.

Cobbold RN, Davis MA, Rice DH, Szymanski M, Tarr PI, Besser TE, Hancock DD. Associations between bovine, human, and raw milk, and beef isolates of non-O157 Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli within a restricted geographic area of the United States. J Food Prot 2008;71:1023-7.

Kase JA, Maounounen-Laasri A, Lin A. Rapid identification of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O serogroups from fresh produce and raw milk enrichment cultures by luminex bead–based suspension array. J Food Prot 2016;79(9):1623-9. Disponible en: http://jfoodprotection.org/doi/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-16-070. Fecha de última visita: 3 de Enero de 2019.

Virpari PK, Nayak JB, Thaker HC, Brahmbhatt MN. Isolation of pathogenic Escherichia coli from stool samples of diarrhoeal patients with history of raw milk consumption. Vet World 2013;6:659-63.

Moshtaghi H, Mohamadpour AA. Incidence of Listeria spp. in raw milk in Shahrekord, Iran. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2007;4(1):107-10. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17378716. Fecha de última visita: 2 de Enero de 2019.

Murphy M, Buckley JF, Whyte P, O’Mahony M, Anderson W, Wall PG; et al. Surveillance of dairy production holdings supplying raw milk to the farmhouse cheese sector for Escherichia coli O157, O26 and O111. Zoonoses Public Health 2007;54:358-65.

Giacometti F, Bonilauri P, Serrano A, Peli A, Amatiste S, Arrigoni N; et al. Four-year monitoring of foodborne pathogens in raw milk sold by vending machines in Italy. J Food Prot 2013;76(11):1902-7. Disponible en: http://jfoodprotection.org/doi/abs/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-213. Fecha de última visita: 2 de Diciembre de 2018.

Giacometti F, Bonilauri P, Albonetti S, Amatiste S, Arrigoni N, Bianchi M; et al. Quantitative risk assessment of human Salmonellosis and Listeriosis related to the consumption of raw milk in Italy. J Food Prot 2015;78(1):13-21. Disponible en: http://jfoodprotection.org/doi/abs/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-14-171. Fecha de última visita: 3 de Diciembre del 2018.

Nobili G, Franconieri I, Basanisi MG, La Bella G, Tozzoli R, Caprioli A; et al. Isolation of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in raw milk and mozzarella cheese in southern Italy [Short communication]. J Dairy Sci 2016;99(10):7877-80. Disponible en: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022030216305483. Fecha de última visita: 5 de Enero de 2019.

Giacometti F, Serraino A, Finazzi G, Daminelli P, Losio MN, Arrigoni N; et al. Sale of raw milk in northern Italy: Food safety implications and comparison of different analytical methodologies for detection of foodborne pathogens. Foodborne Path Dis 2012;9:293-7.

Jans C, Bugnard J, Njage PMK, Lacroix C, Meile L. Lactic acid bacteria diversity of African raw and fermented camel milk products reveals a highly competitive, potentially health-threatening predominant microflora. LWT Food Sci Technol 2012;47(2):371-9. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2012.01.034. Fecha de última visita: 3 de Diciembre de 2018.

Swai ES, Schoonman L. Microbial quality and associated health risks of raw milk marketed in the Tanga region of Tanzania. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011;1:217-22.

Haghi F, Zeighami H, Naderi G, Samei A, Roudashti S, Bahari S, Shirmast P. Detection of major food-borne pathogens in raw milk samples from dairy bovine and ovine herds in Iran. Small Rum Res 2015;131:136-40. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.08.005. Fecha de última visita: 4 de Enero de 2019.

Kassa A, Zewude G, Tessema TS. Investigation on Bacillus cereus and associated risk factors in bovine raw milk in Debre Zeit town, Ethiopia. Revue Méd Vét 2017;168;10-2.

Giacometti F, Bonilauri P, Piva S, Scavia G, Amatiste S, Bianchi DM; et al. Paediatric HUS cases related to the consumption of raw milk sold by vending machines in Italy: Quantitative risk assessment based on Escherichia coli O157 official controls over 7 years. Zoonoses Public Health 2017;64:505-16.

Olufemi FO, Akinduti PA, Keinde OB, Odunfa OA. Prevalence and antibiogram of Methicilin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolated from raw milk of asymptomatic cows in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Alex J Vet Sciences 2018;57(2): 34-40. Disponible en: https://www.alexjvs.com/fulltext/31-1517493948.pdf. Fecha de última visita: 6 de Enero del 2019.

Sonnier JL, Karns JS, Lombard JE, Kopral CA, Haley BJ, Kim S-W; et al. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and pathogenic Escherichia coli in bulk tank milk and milk filters from US dairy operations in the National Animal Health Monitoring System Dairy 2014 study. J Dairy Sci 2017;1-14. Disponible en: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022030217311803. Fecha de última visita: 4 de diceimbre de 2018.

Bille PG, Haradoeb BR, Shigwedha N. Evaluation of chemical and bacteriological quality of raw milk from Neudamm dairy farm in Namibia. Afr J Food Agr Nutr Dev 2009;9:1511-23.

Asuoty EL, Tedawy AEL, Sallam A, Sdeek A. Detection of some pesticides residues in raw milk. Assiut Vet Med J 2017;63:100-7.

Raslan AA, Elbadry S, Darwish WS. Estimation and human health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in raw milk marketed in Zagazig city, Egypt. J Toxicol 2018;2018:3821797. Disponible en: http://doi:10.1155/2018/3821797. Fecha de última visita: 7 de Diciembre del 2018.

Miclean M, Cadar O, Levei EA, Todea DA. Human health risk assessment of organochlorine compounds associated with raw milk consumption in a Romanian industrial area. It J Food Sci 2018;30(1):116-27. Disponible en: https://itjfs.com/index.php/ijfs/article/view/920. Fecha de última visita: 7 de Diciembre del 2018.

Qu X, Su C, Zheng N, Li S, Meng L, Wang J. A survey of naturally-occurring steroid hormones in raw milk and the associated health risks in Tangshan city, Hebei province, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018;15(1):0-0. Disponible en: http://doi:10.3390/ijerph15010038. Fecha de última visita: 7 de Diciembre del 2018.

Ewida RM, El-Magiud DSMA. Species adulteration in raw milk samples using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Vet World 2018;11(6):830-3. Disponible en: http://www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.11/June-2018/15.html. Fecha de última visita: 4 de enero de 2019.

Sozańska B, Pearce N, Dudek K, Cullinan P. Consumption of unpasteurized milk and its effects on atopy and asthma in children and adult inhabitants in rural Poland. Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;68:644-50.

Wyss AB, House JS, Hoppin JA, Richards M, Hankinson JL, Long S; et al. Raw milk consumption and other early-life farm exposures and adult pulmonary function in the Agricultural Lung Health Study. Thorax 2018;73: 279-82.

Marchese S, Polo A, Ariano A, Velotto S, Costantini S, Severino L. Aflatoxin B1 and M1: Biological properties and their involvement in cancer development. Toxins 2018;10(6):214-214. Disponible en: doi: 10.3390/toxins10060214. Fecha de última visita: 18 de Diciembre del 2018.

Santaeufemia M, Melgar MJ, Cepeda A, García MA. Estudio de la contaminación por plaguicidas en rutas de abastecimiento de una industria láctea. Rev Toxicol 2005;22(1):96-100. Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/919/91909912.pdf. Fecha de última visita: 18 de Diciembre del 2018.

Gadd JB, Tremblay LA, Northcott GL. Steroid estrogens, conjugated estrogens and estrogenic activity in farm dairy shed effluents. Environ Poll 2010;158:730-6.

Oliver SP, Jayarao BM, Almeida RA. Foodborne pathogens in milk and the dairy farm environment: food safety and public health implications. Foodborne Path Dis 2005;2:115-29.

Mungai EA, Behravesh CB, Gould LH. Increased outbreaks associated with nonpasteurized milk, United States, 2007 – 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2015;21:119-22.

Gillespie IA, Brien SO. Milkborne general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease, England and Wales, 1992 – 2000. Epidemiol Infect 2003;130:461-8.

Barreto F, Jank L, Castilhos T, Rau RB, Tomaszewski CA, Ribeiro C, Hillesheim DR. Chemical residues and mycotoxins in raw milk. En: Raw milk. Academic Press. New York: 2019. Pp. 273-293.

Instituto Nacional de Salud. Identificación de riesgos químicos asociados al consumo de leche cruda bovina en Colombia. Bogotá: 2010. Pp. 1-93.

Leedom JM. Milk of nonhuman origin and infectious diseases in humans. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:610-5.

Sasmazel A, Baysal A, Fedakar A, Buğra O, Özkokeli M, Büyükbayrak F; et al. Treatment of Brucella endocarditis: 15 years of clinical and surgical experience. Ann Thor Surg 2010;89:1432-6.

Ranjbar R, Dehkordi FS, Shahreza MHS, Rahimi E. Prevalence, identification of virulence factors, O-serogroups and antibiotic resistance properties of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from raw milk and traditional dairy products. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018;7:1-11.

Zucali M, Bava L, Colombini S, Brasca M, Decimo M, Morandi S; et al. Management practices and forage quality affecting the contamination of milk with anaerobic spore‐forming bacteria. J Sci Food Agr 2015;95:1294-302.

Banykó J, Vyletělová M. Determining the source of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus licheniformis isolated from raw milk, pasteurized milk and yoghurt. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009;48:318-23.

Dierick K, Coillie E Van, Swiecicka I, Devlieger H, Meulemans A, Fourie L; et al. Fatal family outbreak of Bacillus cereus-associated food poisoning. J Clin Microbiol 2005;43:4277-9.

Isonhood JH, Drake M. Aeromonas species in foods. J Food Protect 2002;65: 575-82.

Igbinosa IH, Igumbor EU, Aghdasi F, Tom M, Okoh AI. Emerging Aeromonas species infections and their significance in public health. Scient World J 2012;2012:625023. Disponible en: http://doi:10.1100/2012/625023. Fecha de última visita: 19 de Diciembre del 2018.

Cotty PJ, Bayman P, Egel DS, Elias KS. Agriculture, aflatoxins and Aspergillus. En: The Genus Aspergillus. Springer. Boston [MA]: 1994. Pp. 1-27.

Donia MAA, Abou-Arab AAK, Enb A, El-Senaity MH, Abd-Rabou NS. Chemical composition of raw milk and the accumulation of pesticide residues in milk products. Global Veterinaria 2010; 4:6-14.

Fagnani R, Beloti V, Battaglini APP, Dunga KDS, Tamanini R. Organophosphorus and carbamates residues in milk and feedstuff supplied to dairy cattle. Pesq Vet Bras 2011;31:598-602.

González-Rodríguez RM, Rial-Otero R, Cancho-Grande B, Gonzalez-Barreiro C, Simal-Gándara J. A review on the fate of pesticides during the processes within the food-production chain. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011;51:99-114.

Tsuda H, Sekine K, Ushida Y, Kuhara T, Takasuka N, Iigo M; et al. Milk and dairy products in cancer prevention: Focus on bovine lactoferrin, Mut Res Rev Mut Res 2000;462(2-3):227-33. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5742(00)00040-5. Fecha de última visita: 18 de Diciembre del 2018.

Davoodi H, Esmaeili S, Mortazavian A. Effects of milk and milk products consumption on cancer: A review. Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safety 2013;12:249-64. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12011. Fecha de última visita: 19 de Diciembre del 2018.

Cifelli CJ, Maples IS, Miller GD. Pasteurization: Implications for food safety and nutrition. Nutrition Today 2010;45:207-13.

Alegbeleye OO, Guimarães JT, Cruz AG, Sant’Ana AS. Hazards of a “healthy trend”? An appraisal of the risks of raw milk consumption and the potential of novel treatment technologies to serve as alternatives to pasteurization. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018;82:148-66.

Instituto Colombiano de Acreditación. Las buenas prácticas ganaderas en la producción de leche, en el marco del Decreto 616. Bogotá: 2007. Disponible en: http://www.ica.gov.co/getattachment/049aef47-c6e3-43d9-826b-e163f8b40e98/Publicacion-23.aspx. Fecha de última visita: 2 de Enero de 2019.

Enlaces refback

  • No hay ningún enlace refback.


Bookmark and Share


Licencia de Creative Commons
Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional.