Sobre los marcadores bioquímicos del daño arterioesclerótico

Nayel García Sánchez

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Resumen

La ateroesclerosis es el sustrato anatomo-patológico de las enfermedades cardio- y cerebrovasculares que hoy constituyen una importante causa de mortalidad, discapacidad e invalidez en todo el mundo. La placa ateromatosa es el elemento clave dentro de este envejecimiento arterial. Sujetos clínicamente estables en los que concurren factores de riesgo vascular, e incluso asintomáticos, pueden exhibir placas vulnerables, propensas a fracturarse, trombosarse y ocluirse. Se han propuesto biomarcadores de la ateroesclerosis para describir los cambios que pueden ocurrir en una placa ateromatosa tenida como “vulnerable”, y así, abrir una ventana de oportunidad para la profilaxis secundaria de la enfermedad vascular. Tales marcadores comprenden moléculas involucradas en el estrés oxidativo y eventos procoagulatorios. Igualmente, se ha examinado productos de la glicación no enzimática, proteínas liberadas después de la necrosis miocárdica, y señales de activación neurohormonal. Como el riñón puede reflejar fielmente la extensión y la gravedad del daño ateroesclerótico, los marcadores empleados clásicamente en el reconocimiento del daño renal y la enfermedad renal crónica también se han sumado a la detección del riesgo ateroesclerótico. Se tiene el comportamiento de estos biomarcadores de la ateroesclerosis en diferentes subpoblaciones, y se ha estudiado la asociación que los
mismos sostienen con factores promotores del daño ateroesclerótico. Investigaciones ulteriores se deben orientar a establecer la capacidad del biomarcador de responder ante la terapéutica instalada, y si este cambio se puede trasladar hacia una reducción del riesgo vascular.

Palabras clave

Ateroesclerosis; Enfermedad vascular; Placa vulnerable; Sujeto vulnerable

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