Sobre las interrelaciones entre la sarcopenia, envejecimiento y nutrición

Emilio Manuel Zayas Somoza; Vilma Fundora Alvarez; Sergio Santana Porbén

Sobre las interrelaciones entre la sarcopenia, envejecimiento y nutrición

Emilio Manuel Zayas Somoza, Vilma Fundora Alvarez, Sergio Santana Porbén

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Resumen

La sarcopenia denota los cambios que el envejecimiento causa en la estructura y la función del músculo esquelético. El músculo sarcopénico puede exhibir tamaños y volúmenes reducidos, una mayor infiltración grasa, y una menor fuerza de contracción, lo que puede conducir a la pérdida del validismo y la autonomía del sujeto. Dadas la participación del músculo esquelético en la estación bípeda y la locomoción, y la respuesta periférica a la acción de la insulina, la sarcopenia podría agravar la fragilidad del adulto mayor. La sarcopenia puede reconocerse mediante distintas técnicas de reconstrucción de la composición corporal. La dinamometría y la capacidad del sujeto de sostener esfuerzos musculares repetidos durante intervalos predefinidos de tiempo sirven también para examinar la fuerza de la contracción muscular. La sarcopenia es causada, en parte, por la deprivación de los esteroides sexuales que sigue al cese de la esteroidogénesis gonadal. Otras influencias como el sedentarismo y la alimentación no saludable también pueden contribuir al daño sarcopénico. Luego, una alimentación sana, la actividad física y la práctica regular de ejercicio físico son intervenciones primordiales en la prevención de la sarcopenia, primero; y el tratamiento y la paliación de esta condición, después. El uso de ayudas ergogénicas (entre ellas la creatina) puede ser considerado como una terapia adyuvante. El empleo de esteroides anabólicos podría considerarse en aquellos pacientes en los que se ha agotado la efectividad terapéutica de las intervenciones anteriores, o cuando se desea una reducción a corto plazo del riesgo de caída, discapacidad y/o postración

Palabras clave

Sarcopenia; Músculo esquelético; Miopenias; Atrofia; Fragilidad; Insulina; Hormona del crecimiento; Esteroides sexuales; Alimentación; Nutrición; Ejercicio físico

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