Sobre la asociación entre los eventos clínicos de los pacientes trasplantados renales y la composición corporal

Geraldo Borroto Díaz, Judith Gudelia Alanes Sirpa, Malicela Barceló Acosta

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Introducción: El estudio de la composición corporal del nefrópata que ha sido trasplantado es un elemento importante de la evaluación nutricional, y se encamina a detectar la repercusión de varios eventos clínicos que a través de la inflamación (como factor fisiopatológico integrador) pueden generar trastornos nutricionales y con ello un riesgo mayor para una evolución desfavorable. Objetivo: Estimar las asociaciones que puedan existir entre la composición corporal del nefrópata trasplantado (NT) y factores demográficos y clínicos selectos. Diseño del estudio: Prospectivo, transversal, analítico. Serie de estudio: Ochenta y ocho NTs (Hombres: 57.9 %; Edad promedio: 46.2 ± 11.4 años; Edades ≥ 60 años: 12.5 %; Donante cadáver: 81.8 %; Tiempo de realizado del trasplante renal: 6.1 ± 5.8 años; eFG promedio: 49.0 ± 16.7 mL.minuto-1 * m2 de superficie corporal; eFG < 60 mL.minuto-1: 73.8 %) con un año (o más) de vida del injerto renal; que eran tratados con la combinación prednisona + ciclosporina A + micofenolato de mofetil; y que no presentaron intercurrencias en el momento de la investigación. Métodos: La composición corporal del NT se reconstruyó mediante bioimpedancia eléctrica (BIE) de arco inferior, y se describió con un modelo tetracompartimental: Peso corporal = Masa grasa + Proteínas + Minerales + Agua corporal total. Se hicieron previsiones adicionales para la grasa visceral (GV). El tamaño de los compartimientos corporales se correlacionó con el sexo y la edad del sujeto, el tipo de donante del órgano, el tiempo transcurrido del trasplante, la tasa de filtración glomerular, y el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) como indicador de adiposidad corporal global. Resultados: La composición corporal del NT fue como sigue: Peso corporal: 70.4 ± 16.3 kg; IMC: 25.1 ± 5.1 kg.m-2; ICT: 0.54 ± 0.08; Grasa corporal: 24.5 ± 11.1 % del peso corporal; Proteínas: 18.1 ± 4.3 %; Minerales: 3.8 ± 0.5 %; y Agua corporal total: 53.6 ± 7.2 %; respectivamente. El tamaño de la masa magra fue del 75.5 ± 13.9 %. La GV fue de 7.5 ± 4.1 kg. La GC fue dependiente del sexo del NT: Hombres: 19.0 ± 7.8 % vs. Mujeres: 32.1 ± 10.4 % (D = -13.1 %; p < 0.05). Se encontraron relaciones circulares entre la GC, el IMC, el ICT y la GV. El cambio en la GC se trasladó a cambios en el agua corporal y el contenido corporal de proteínas. Conclusiones: El tamaño corriente de los compartimientos corporales en los NTs solo podría explicarse por el sexo del sujeto. Una GC aumentada se asoció con valores mayores del IMC, el ICT y la GV.

Palabras clave

Composición corporal; Trasplante renal; Estado nutricional; Bioimpedancia eléctrica

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